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Contact Us Site Map Для Девушек Для Девушек Советы Вопросы kyiv apartments service Ответы Мужской Каталог Заполнить Анкету Для Агентств News Subscribe Email: Office On-line Reload 30s CULTURE Ukraine Info Dnepropetrovsk Info Partners choice About Map History Language Culture Education Traditions National Costume Cuisine Easter in Ukraine Christmas in Ukraine Holidays Ukrainian Names Dnepropetrovsk Region choice Dnepropetrovsk Region Dnepropetrovsk About Photo Gallery Map city Apartments Dnepropetrovsk Hotels Dnepropetrovsk choice Romance Tour Personal Tour LinkExchange TOP-100 Florist Partner Dating Directory CULTURE Literature Ancient Ukrainian literature was sprung from sermons, legends, chronicles, and warrior epos in the days of the Kyiv State. The original preaching literature is presented by impressive political treatise of Ilarion, the priest of the church at the court of Great Prince Yaroslav the Wise at Berestov (who later became the first Metropolitan of Kyiv and all-Ukraine Rus). This work, “The Speech on Law and Blessing” was proclaimed in the 11th century in the Desiatynna Church in honor and for the glory of Prince Volodymyr the Great who joined Kyiv Rus with the Christian world. “The Song of Igor’s Campaign”, written by an unknown author, is considered the most famous poetic work of the 12th century. This work is based on the historical story about the campaign of Igor, Prince of Novgorod-Siversky, his brother Vsevolod, son Volodymyr and nephew Sviatoslav against the polovtsians, his defeat and flight from captivity. From the Middle Ages, the wonderful samples of folk-poetic works has appeared, which were in the form of historical ballads, songs, lyrics, genre poetry, and folk poetry. They reflect life and the manner of people, as well as historical events and activities of people. At present, the literature of the 16-17th centuries is especially attractive. It includes the works of the period of the national-liberation struggle and the struggle for renewal of Ukrainian statehood. Ivan Kotliarevsky (1769-1831) is considered the first classic of new Ukrainian literature. In his works, “Aeneid” and “Natalka Poltavka”, he truthfully showed the reality of those days and introduced new genres in literature, such as satire, adventure, and drama. Kotliarevsky’s creative work has presented not only the Ukrainian world his integrity, but also introduced the principally new means of artistic mastering of reality in Ukrainian literature, and opened the new ideological and artistic age. He introduced the basic verbal structure of the folk genre that was used in great extent by Ukrainian literature, and brought the Ukrainian language to the level of high artistic literature. In Ukrainian literature of the beginning of the 19th century, the various trends and styles began to develop and coexist. The romantic trends represented by people such as Hrebinka, Kostomarov, Sraznevskyi and other was the most expressive. The new Ukrainian literature of the West Ukrainian regions was presented by the works of Shashkevych, Holovatskyi, Vahilevych, and Dukhnovych. The new age of Ukrainian literature was opened by Taras Shevchenko (1814-1861), the most famous Ukrainian poet. His “Kobzar” (1840) became the event of unique significance. Shevchenko rose the Ukrainian literature on the level of the highest achievements of the world’s artistic works. Beginning his activity in the course of romanticism as the representative of its revolutionary wing, Shevchenko, together with the work on his historical themes, addressed the life of peasantry and revealed the wrathful protest against serfdom. As an irreconcilable enemy of the tsar autocracy, he appealed for self-determination of Ukraine. In his political poems, “The Opened Tomb”, “Chychyryn”, “The Great Cellar”, “Caucasus”, “Message”, and others, created ardent patriotism, appeals for struggle for national manifestation, concepts of historical and social unity of the Ukrainian nation and romantic glorification of the Cossacks during the 1820s. The idea about the totally independent historical and national unity of Ukraine and the faith in its future had a great influence on the contemporaries as nobody before Shevchenko had. He dared to express these thoughts quite radically, by discussing concepts of glory, truth, national traditions. He believed in the victory of certain values in the future and appealed to his contemporaries to fight for them and for the “revival”, “awakening” and “resurrection” of Ukraine. Shevchenko considered the aspiration of freedom for Ukraine as part of the world-wide struggle for justice. Such poems as “Caucasus” and “Heretic” testify to his liking of al oppressed peoples of the world. The creative work of Shevchenko had a great influence on the development of literature and culture of many Slav people. Along with Shevchenko, the deepest mark in the Ukrainian spiritual tradition was left by Panteleimon Kulish (1819-1897), the philosopher of the nation and a historian, psychologist, and fighter for the truth. In the second half of the 19th century, romanticism in Ukrainian literature was gradually replaced by a new predominant style. Realism, with its demands of reflection of objective reality and surrounding of the chief character, accuracy in observation of all aspects of life, substantiation of actions and feelings of characters by psychological and social conditions. In time, realism was filled with social content. Panas Myrnyi went down in Ukrainian literature as the founder of social and psychological novels, the author of many stories (short stories as well) and dramatic works. The creative work of Ivan Franko (1856-1916) was the major achievement of the Ukrainian literature at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. His poetic heritage, in particular the collections “From Heights and Depressions” and “Withered Leaves” played an important role in the broadening of themes, graphics and style of Ukrainian poetry. Franko created new political and philosophical lyricism and modern poetry in which complicated moral, historical and philosophical problems connected with the liberation movement were raised. The literary and scientific heritage of Franko includes about 5,000 diverse works. Franko influenced other Ukrainian writers such as Makovei, Pavlyk, Stefanyk, Martovych, and Cheremshyna. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Ukrainian writers joined the new artistic trends that took place in the literature of other nations. This included impressionism and modernism, which had been qualified as decadence, symbolism and neo-romanticism. These new styles were expressed in the prose of Kotsiubynskyi (1864-1913) and in the poetry of the famous Ukrainian poetess, Lesia Ukrainka (1871-1913). The national revolution in Ukraine (1917-1920) gave rise to a new wave of literary animation, new styles and new themes. The young generation who represented the literary Ukraine of today was connected with symbolism and futurism. The distinguished representative of the group of symbolists was Pavlo Tychyna (1891-1967), the author of the collections “Solar Clarinets” (1918), “Plough” (1919), and “Instead of Sonnets and Octaves” (1920). The first post-revolution decade became a period of revival - renaissance for Ukrainian fiction and poetry. Among the numerous groups, societies, and schools of literary works, the group of poets-neoclassics was quite influential. The “Free Academy of Proletarian Literature” (VAPLITE), the founder of which was writer Mykola Khvyliovyi, was also quite popular. Analyzing the essence of the Ukrainian literature of the 1920-1930s, the critics draw attention to characteristic features of creative works and personal fate of the writers and poets of those periods. This generation of literary intelligentsia was formed under the influence of the conceptions of Ivan Franko and Lesia Ukrainka. The period of the “Thaw” was characterized by some restoration of historical justice - the return of the names which were undeservedly forgotten or repressed to the Ukrainian literature. In this the particular activity was displayed by the famous poet, Maxym Rylskyi (1895-1964). The “Thaw” created such a unique phenomenon in social and cultural life as a “movement of men of the sixties” - a movement of creative youth who professed original themes, and new thoughts that differed from others. They became a core of spiritual opposition to the Communist regime in Ukraine. The work of I. Dziuba, “Internationalism or Russification?” became the manifesto of a new instant of revival. At the end of the fifties, the poetess Lina Kostenko quickly proclaimed herself and her works testified to her outstanding gift and ability for deep philosophic comprehension of reality and generation of new original ideas presented in fine poetical forms. In the period from the 1950s to 1980s, Ukrainian literature was enriched with the works of Oles Honchar (who inspired the “movement of men of the sixites”) and others such as B. Kharchuk, M. Stelmach, P. Zahrebelnyi, V. Drozd, Y. Hutsalo, I. Bilyk, V. Zemliak and I. Chendei. Beginning from the first half of the sixties, the “samvydav” (self-publishing) became an integral part of the social and cultural life of Ukraine. This was a complete system of distribution of literary works that had not been officially recognized or had been prohibited. Kyiv and Lviv were the main distribution centers for self-published works. The state of Ukrainian literature in the second half of the 1980s and 1990s may be characterized as the state of renewal. The major part of writers was completely cleared from the Communist false doctrine. The re-evaluation of social ideals and historical events took place. Publicist writing was rapidly developed due to high levels of politicization of social processes. The works of Drach, Movchan, Pavlychko, Dziuba, Lubkivskyi, Ivanchuk, Syzonenko, Musiienko, Plachnyda, Scherbak and others were full of high civil content. Today, the literary activity in Ukraine is versatile and extensive and is in different stages simultaneously (e.g., Baroque, 19th century, 20th century styles). Many literary groups and associations are in creative searches. In 1992, a new modern group under the name, “New Generation” was formed. In 1995, the group “500” represented the anthology of prose under the name “Texts”. In the course of several years, the association “New Literature”, headed by V. Tsybulko, is also functioning. Also in the 1990s, a number of new magazines, newspapers, publishing houses have appeared. Not less than 100 books of prose are published each year. Thirty literary awards have been established for distinguishing the very best in the field. In 1996, 65 authors became laureates of such awards. The Fine Arts The Ukrainian people in the course of centuries-old history created distinctive, artistically unique national art in which their social and aesthetic ideals, patriotism and humanism were reflected. The fine arts were originated on the territory of modern Ukraine as far back as the period of primitive communal system. Formation of Kyiv Rus and the adoption of Christianity promoted the development of culture and of the fine arts in Rus. Together with architecture, the monumental painting achieved a high level of development (i.e., mosaics and frescoes of cathedrals, monasteries and churches throughout Ukraine). Icon painting became the art of broad generalization. In the 16th century, new genres of painting were originated (battle scenes, historical events, portraits and landscapes). The beginning of book printing in Ukraine led to rapid development of the art of engraving. The works of Taras Shevchenko formed a whole epoch of art. Being a painter and engraver, he skillfully painted in water colors, sepia, etched, painted portraits, landscapes and often used his works in historical themes. His works had a great influence on many other artists. Under conditions of independent Ukraine, special attention of the state and non-state bodies and organizations is focused on supporting free development of all styles and genres of the Ukrainian fine arts, and its popularization through exhibitions. In the period 1992-1996, nearly 170 permanent and traveling exhibits were organized within the borders of Ukraine and abroad. In 1997 alone, the Ministry of Culture and Arts carried out 20 permanent and 30 traveling exhibits. Among some of the artists who have had popular exhibits in Ukraine are Oleksii Fishenko, Mykhailo Romanyshyn, Hryhoryi Synytsia, and Nadia Babenko. The art of sculpture is developing in close connection with life and actual problems of our times. In 1992-1996, many new monuments were erected throughout Ukraine. Examples of such monuments are of Taras Shevchenko, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, monuments in honor of artists and composers, poets, historical figures, victims of the Hunger in the 1930s, victims of repressive actions during the 1930-1940s and others. Presently, preparation is underway to erect an Independence Monument in Ukraine. Ukrainian galleries have become an important factor for development of the fine arts. These galleries not only represent the achievements of the Ukrainian artists, but also create conditions for separation of “good” and “bad” works and give a chance for making the process more objective. There are many art galleries and museums throughout Ukraine. Folk art remains the invigorating source of development of professional arts. There are approximately 9.5 thousand craftsmen working in Ukraine. In 1995, 18.5 thousand exhibitions of folk applied arts were held in the Republic. Music The Ukrainian people have always been known for their musical culture. In the 15-16th centuries, the original type of Ukrainian folk songs, the kobza art, and playing instruments were introduced. In time, monophonic znamenny (by “signs”) chant was replaced by polyphonic partesnye (for many parts) chant. At the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (from 1701, known as Academy), the music reading and writing, choral singing and instrumental music were studied. In 1738 the Hlukhiv singing school was founded. In 1863, the first Ukrainian opera, “A Cossack Beyond the Danube”, was written by S. Hulak-Artemovskyi. Mykola Lysenko (1842-1912) became a founder of the Ukrainian classic music. His traditions were developed by many contemporaries, his students and followers. In rather difficult economic conditions, which were characteristic for the sphere of musical culture during the last years, it was generally succeeded to preserve and expand its creative, material, technical and personnel basis. At present time, 43 concert organizations, 139 artistic collectives are functioning in Ukraine. During the last five years, 29 new musical collectives have been established in the system of concert organizations. Among them are the Odesa Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, the Kyiv Chamber Musical Theatre, the Model-Orchestra of National Guard of Ukraine, the state ensemble of soloists “Kyiv Kamerata”, the piano quintet “Kyiv” at the House of Organ and Chamber Music, the Kyiv chamber choir “Khreschatyk” and others. The leading positions in Ukrainian musical culture are occupied by the National Opera and Ballet Theatre, the opera theaters at Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, the musical comedy theatres in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, and the Philharmonic Societies and musical drama theatres at all Regional Centers. The 1990s are characterized by a great number of music festivals and competitions in Ukraine. In particular, the S. Krushelnytska Festivals of Opera Art have become a tradition at Lviv the international festivals of organ and piano music “Musical Premiers of Season” in Kyiv the international music festivals “Kharkiv Assemblies” at Kharkiv, “Oksamitovi Seasons in the Crimea” in the Crimea. At the end of the 20th century, the most outstanding phenomenon of musical culture became the “Chervona Ruta” festival. The youth, not having their own good examples, have perceived only foreign pop music with all its achievements and deficiencies. Because of the “Chervona Ruta” festival, the situation has improved. This festival has become a sort of laboratory or school, where a national style of Ukrainian pop music with the inclusion of elements of academic musical culture is forming. NATIONAL AND CULTURAL REVIVAL Characteristics and Peculiarities Ukrainian spiritual life in the 20th century has developed in times of conflict and complexities. There were rises - at the beginning of the century, in the years of the first attempt of foundation of the state (1917-1920). There were also declines - in the period of Bolshevik totalitarianism, and the years of the Hitlerite invasion (1941-1945). “The Awakening” of the 1960s has brought about the national and cultural revival in the eighties. Its onset has been directly connected with the development of the popular movement for settlement of the language problem - creation of necessary conditions for free development of the Ukrainian language as the official language and also the languages of the national minorities. The numerous cultural non-formal associations that had begun their activities in Ukraine in the second half of the 1980s assigned themselves with the task of reviving the Ukrainian culture and language. The Ukrainian Cultural Club in Kyiv, the Club of History and Culture Lovers, and “The Society of Leva” in Lviv have conducted civil actions for granting the Ukrainian language the official status, organized ethnography expeditions and courses in studying of the history of Ukraine. In 1988, the first center of the Taras Shevchenko Society of the Ukrainian Language was established in the Lviv Region. In time, similar associations were established in Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa, Ternopil, and Chernihiv. In Kyiv, at the House of Scientists launched its club “Spadshchyna” for studies of Ukraine, and in Poltava, the society “Ridne Slovo” was launched. In 1989, the Republican Shevchenko Society of the Ukrainian Language was established. The process of national and cultural revival, which became more and more intensive, was manifested in the establishment of a great number of other unions, associations, societies and groups which have set themselves an objective of revival of national traditions and the Ukrainian language and culture. Among them, are the Ukrainian Cossack Society, the “Plast”, “Sich”, “Sokil”, “Chaika”, “Cossack Bratstvo” Youth Associations. In the Republic, a number of funds for supporting the development of either branch of culture has been established. Traditionally, the large volume of works has been carried out by the Culture Fund. From 1994, the Fund for Support of the Arts has carried out its activity with Leonid Kravchuk, the first President of Ukraine, as the head of the Fund. The “Vidrodzhennia” fund, co-founded by the famous American financier and patron of arts, George Soros, has carried out active works in Ukraine as well. The cultural potential of the Ukrainian Diaspora is a natural supplement to the system of national spiritual values cultivated by the Ukrainian people. There is a rather developed network of Ukrainian cultural, educational, and scientific organizations, art bodies, newspapers and magazines functioning in the West. The ideas of national cultural revival have stimulated the processes of democratization of the cultural sphere and the establishment of pluralism in the creative process have made cultural life in various regions more active. The deepening of international cultural relations has become a positive tendency. Thus, after the renovation of independence, Ukraine signed agreements on cultural cooperation with 70 countries. The national and cultural societies have broadened their contacts. During 1992-1993, more than 100 creative collections went on tours abroad, which was undoubtedly in favor of prestige of the Ukrainian Culture in the world. The national and cultural revival began almost simultaneously with radical changes in the sphere of economic and social relations. However, the state has not yet elaborated non-administrative and non-budget mechanisms of influence on cultural life. Thousands of cultural organizations accountable to local self-government bodies, trade unions or institutions based on private resources were actually excluded from the sphere of the “state management”. Commercialization of culture due to absence of developed private sector and established traditions of patronage has put many creative bodies at the edge of survival. The situation is aggravated by the weak position of the new legal basis for culture, arts and related spheres of social and cultural life which does not fully correspond to modern international requirements and peculiarities of the Ukrainian cultural process. In 1990, the government of Ukraine approved the Complex Programme of Principal Directions and Development of the Ukrainian Culture. Two years after the Supreme Rada adopted the “Principles of Legislation on Culture”. In Autumn of 1994, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine adopted the main principles of the State Conception of Policy in the Sphere of Culture which was based not only on the experience of the developed countries, but also on the present political and economic situation in Ukraine. One year later, the President of Ukraine signed the Decree on Liquidation of the Ministry of Culture and Establishment of the Ministry of Culture and Establishment of the Ministry of Culture and Arts of Ukraine. Many cultural workers perceived these facts as the important steps intended for cessation of destructive processes in the sphere of national spirituality. 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